Plate tectonics is a fundamental theory in geology that explains the Earth's lithosphere as divided into large, rigid plates that float and move on the semi-fluid asthenosphere beneath them. These plates interact at their boundaries, where they diverge (move apart), converge (collide), or transform (slide past each other). This movement drives various geological processes such as earthquakes, volcanic activity, and mountain building. The theory revolutionized our understanding of Earth's dynamic processes, explaining phenomena like the formation of mountain ranges like the Himalayas and the distribution of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions along plate boundaries. Plate tectonics also plays a crucial role in shaping Earth's surface features, ocean basins, and continental arrangements over geological time scales, illustrating the interconnectedness of geological processes across the planet.
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