The extraction of precious minerals or other geological elements from the Earth, usually from an orebody, lode, vein, seam, reef, or placer deposit, is known as mining. The economic viability of investing in the equipment, labor, and energy required to extract, refine, and transport the materials found at the mine to manufacturers who can use the material is based on the economic viability of investing in the equipment, labor, and energy required to extract, refine, and transport the materials found at the mine to manufacturers who can use the material. Most materials that cannot be generated through agricultural processes or produced artificially in a laboratory or factory require mining. Extraction of any non-renewable resource, such as petroleum, natural gas, or even water, is referred to as mining in a broader sense. Prospecting for ore bodies, analyzing the economic potential of a proposed mine, extracting the needed resources, and final reclamation of the land when the mine is closed are all part of modern mining processes. Mining operations almost always have a negative influence on the environment, both during the mining process and after the mine has closed. As a result, most countries have implemented restrictions to reduce the impact; nevertheless, because mining plays such a large role in providing revenue for typically rural, distant, or economically impoverished regions, governments sometimes fail to adequately enforce regulations. Sequence stratigraphy is a field of geology that aims to split and link sedimentary deposits into unconformity bound units on various scales, and to explain these stratigraphic units in terms of differences in sediment supply and rates of change in accommodation space (relative sea level, the combination of eustatic sea level and tectonic subsidence). The method is based on identifying surfaces that are thought to reflect timelines (e.g., subaerial unconformities, maximum flooding surfaces) and therefore placing stratigraphy in a chronostratigraphic framework. Sequence stratigraphy is a good alternative to lithostratigraphy, which focuses on the lithology of rock units rather than their time importance.
Title : Geotechnical ground investigation
Myint Win Bo, Toronto Metropolitan University , Canada
Title : How subsurface waters record the earth’s history
Leonid Anisimov, Volgograd State University, Russian Federation
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El Hassane Chellai, Paul Sabatier Toulouse University, France
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Shozo Yanagida, Osaka University, Japan
Title : Water scarcity in the arid-regions under the impact of climatic changes: Challenges and assessment for ground water management
Khaled Said Gemail, Zagazig University, Egypt
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Alexander Strom, Chief Expert from Geodynamics Research Centre, Russian Federation