The study of how Earth materials deform and flow over long durations (>102–103 years) is known as geodynamics. As a result, it is a science with dual citizenship: it is both a core field within Earth sciences and a branch of fluid dynamics in general. Geodynamics is a branch of geophysics that studies the Earth's dynamics. It uses physics, chemistry, and mathematics to comprehend how mantle circulation causes plate tectonics and geologic events such as seafloor spreading, mountain building, volcanoes, earthquakes, and faulting. It also uses magnetic fields, gravity, and seismic vibrations to try to figure out what's going on within, as well as rock mineralogy and isotopic composition. Geodynamics methods are also used in the investigation of distant worlds. The term "geodynamics" refers to simulations of the Earth's large-scale behavior. Although 'analog' (scaled) experiments are conceivable, these are usually formulated analytically and solved by computation. Throughout the billions of years of the earth's history, geodynamic processes have created, destroyed, and recreated continents and oceans, geological provinces and terranes, mountain chains and basins, and all of the mineral and hydrocarbon resources that are so important to our civilization. As a result, the word "geodynamic processes" is believed to encompass a wide range of phenomena, and earth scientists use it liberally.