Cave Formation
Cave formation is a fascinating process rooted in geological dynamics and hydrology. Most caves originate through the dissolution of soluble bedrock, such as limestone, by acidic groundwater. Rainwater absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere or soil, forming a weak carbonic acid that slowly dissolves calcium carbonate in the limestone over millions of years. As the rock dissolves, caverns and passages develop, often further shaped by flowing water and chemical processes. Other caves, like lava tubes, form when molten lava flows cool and solidify on the outer surface while maintaining fluidity inside, creating tunnels as the lava drains away. These natural subterranean wonders offer valuable insights into Earth's geological history and hydrological processes, making them crucial sites for scientific study and exploration.
Myint Win Bo
Toronto Metropolitan University , Canada
Leonid Anisimov
Volgograd State University, Russian Federation
Shozo Yanagida
Osaka University, Japan
Martina Gaglioti
LIPU, Italy
Maria Vicenta Esteller Alberich
Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Mexico
Oscar Andres Cuanalo Campos
Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, Mexico
Arun K Shandilya
Dr HSG University Sagar, India
Title : Geotechnical ground investigation
Myint Win Bo, Toronto Metropolitan University , Canada
Title : Simultaneous Global Climate Change "Heat Waves" and microwave and radio-wave from Solar Flares
Shozo Yanagida, Osaka University, Japan
Title : How subsurface waters record the earth’s history
Leonid Anisimov, Volgograd State University, Russian Federation
Title : Landslides.Rainfall one of the main triggering factors in the mountainous regions of Puebla, Mexico.
Oscar Andres Cuanalo Campos, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, Mexico
Title : Geo Education exploratory learning sessions on field and underwater
Martina Gaglioti, LIPU, Italy
Title : Linking between color and element concentration for Fluorite: An optical spectroscopic approach
Ali Almohammed, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, India